摘 要

民主是人类追究的理想，政治发展的基本目标。今天，几乎每个人都声称自己是民主人士，几乎每个国家都宣称自己是民主国家。人们对民主的认识与理解的程度和角度不同，对民主的解释也各种各样。但民主有其基本特征，责任政治是其中之一，而责任政治的责任包括政治责任，因此，政治责任问题是研究民主理论的一个视角，具有重要的理论意义。与此同时，建设有中国特色的社会主义民主政治是我国政治发展的目标，既然责任政治是民主政治的一个基本特征，要建设有中国特色的社会主义民主政治，理应实行责任政治，建立相应的政治责任机制。从这个角度看，政治责任问题的研究又具有重要的实践意义。

    本文共分四章：

第一章：政治责任的涵义

首先，论文把政治责任与公共权力联系起来，从政治责任的主体、政治责任的范围、政治责任的内容结构等三个方面详细界定了政治责任的基本内涵，将其界定为政治官员制定符合民意的公共政策并推动其实施的职责（积极意义的政治责任）及没有履行好职责时应承担的谴责和制裁（消极意义的政治责任）。

其次，论文认为政治责任的逻辑基础是对公共权力的体认，并在分析的基础上把政治责任的两个层面正好是对公共权力的期待和怀疑。

    第二章：政治责任的特征

本章从三个方面论述了政治责任的特征：

第一，政治责任的政治性。论文从政治责任与法律责任道德责任相比较角度对这一问题进行论证。（1）关于政治责任与法律责任。两者之间的区别在于：法律责任必须有法律的明文规定，而政治责任却不能完全精确地由法律明文规定；政治责任的实现相对于法律责任特别是刑事责任的实现具有优先性；法律责任有专门的评价机关，政治责任不必也不应仅以专门机关来评价；政治责任与法律责任的承担方式不一样；法律责任不能追溯而政治责任却可以追溯；法律责任不能连带而政治责任可以连带。两者之间的联系在于：政治责任的追究要符合法律程序，而且两者之间存在交叉。（2）关于政治责任与道德责任。文章认为，政治责任评价的依据是制度的价值原则，不能以个人道德来评价政治责任

第二，政治责任的现实性。文章认为，政治责任主要是针对现实政治的，不能以具有道德色彩的理想主义的理想是否实现来评价政治责任。

    第三，政治责任的有限性。政治责任的有限性是从三个方面来论证的：首先，政治责任与公共权力密切相关，公共权力的行使范围有限决定了政治责任范围的有限；其次，政治责任主体的责任能力有限也要求政治责任的范围有限；再次，政治责任的程度有限。政治责任的程度有限是针对政治责任的承担方式而言的，论文详细论证了政治责任不可能是无限责任制，也不能是无责任制，只能是有限责任。

第三章：政治责任的实现

本章论述了政治责任实现的原则和机制：

第一，政治责任的实现原则。论文认为，政治责任是对权力进行控制和约束的方式，没有权力制约，政治责任主体对公共权力的行使就可能偏离公共利益和公共意志而不受任何制裁，政治责任就会沦为空谈。只有对政治责任主体行使权力的行为进行有力的制约，才能促使政治责任主体履行积极意义的政治责任、承担第消极意义的政治责任，权力制约的过程就是政治责任实现的动态过程。

第二，政治责任的实现机制。政治责任的实现机制是政治责任各种实现方式的总和，从不同的角度看呈现出不同的结构。文章着眼于消极意义政治责任的实现，把政治责任的实现机制分为自我追究、政党追究、权力机关追究、社会追究四个层面，结合资本主义民主的实际情况进行了详细的论述，并用马克思主义的观点进行了评价。

第四章：中国政治责任问题

    文章从三个方面对中国政治责任问题进行了分析。

第一，中国政治责任问题的前提。政治责任是民主政治的要求，但民主的性质不同，政治责任实现的目的、内容和方式也不同。中国是共产党领导下的社会主义民主国家，政治责任问题有自己的特点：政治责任的追究主要是针对在贯彻执行党的路线方针政策过程中各级领导干部影响到全局的决策失误与错误，实质是权力监督的一个内容，目的是为了巩固共产党领导的人民民主政权，建设社会主义伟大事业。

第二，改革政治体制：完善政治责任的实现机制及其完善。论文提出了六个方面的问题并进行了论证。关于明确政治责任的主体，论文认为我国政治责任主体从法律规定来看是明确的，但党政不分有时使得权责分离，造成事实上的政治责任主体不明确，必须推进党政分开、实行依法治国，进一步在事实上明确政治责任主体；关于政治责任的实现机制，文章详细分析了对人大代表政治责任的追究、人大及其常委会对政府组成人员政治责任的追究，以及社会、党对政治责任追究的现实情况，并就如何完善追究机制的问题提出了自己的看法。此外，文论述了人大代表的政治责任实现机制及其完善、政府组成人员的政治责任实现机制及其完善、社会监督及其对政治责任追究机制的完善、党的领导及其对政治责任追究机制的完善等问题，并提出实行宪政是完善政治责任实现机制的根本。

第三，建设政治文化：政治责任评价观念及其转变。论文从三个方面论述了这一问题：首先，消除权力崇拜思想，其次，走出政治责任道德化的误区，再次，淡化评价政治责任的激进色彩。

    我国政治学界对政治责任问题的系统研究还不多见，基本上是空白。本文立足于当代中国的现实、从政治责任这一角度来研究民主，是一个新的研究视角和框架，在理论上具有探索性和创新性，对实践也有一定的咨询意义。当然，由于本人水平和时间有限，论文中的一些论点和分析会存在不足，需要进一步深入研究，希望学界前辈和同仁批评指正。

ABSTRACT

 

    The purpose of contemporary political development is democracy. Responsible politics is the essential feature of democracy. The responsible politics’ responsibilities contain political responsibility. Political responsibility is a point of view studying democracy; studying political responsibility has great theoretical meanings. At the same time, socialist democracy construction with Chinese characteristic is the aim of political development in our country, it demands constructing political responsibility system, and studying political responsibility has great practical meanings.

The thesis is composed four parts:

Part one: the meaning of political responsibility

At first, the author integrates political responsibility with public power, gives a detailed discussion on the meaning of political responsibility from discussing its subject、extent and structure. The meaning of political responsibility in this thesis is: the responsibility of political official making and carrying out public policy which according with the demands of the people (primary political responsibility), and the punishing when they can’t do their duty (secondary political responsibility).

Secondly, the author thinks that the logical base of political responsibility is how to treat power.

Part two: the feature of political responsibility

Firstly, political responsibility possesses political nature which is expounded by the thesis through distinguishing among political responsibility、legal responsibility and moral responsibility. (1) Political responsibility and legal responsibility. The main distinctions between political responsibility and legal responsibility exist. Legal responsibility must stipulate in legal explicit terms yet political responsibility cannot be completely stipulated accurately in legal explicit terms. Political responsibility’s realization has priority to legal responsibility, especially to criminal responsibility. Legal responsibility has special agency for evaluation, yet political responsibility should not be appraised only according to special agency. The methods of undertaking responsibility are different between political responsibility and legal responsibility; political responsibility is joint, legal responsibility is not joint. The relations of the two lies in: finding out political responsibility should be in conformity with legal procedure, and the overlapping parts exist between them.   (2) Political responsibility and moral responsibility. The thesis holds that the basis for appraising political responsibility is principle of value in system not individual morality;.

Secondly, the thesis holds that in view of existing political responsibility, political responsibility should not be appraised by whether ideal with moral color idealism is achieved.

Thirdly, the political responsibility is limited. It is expressed through two aspects. First of all, the range of political responsibility is limited which is in accordance with primary responsibility. On the one hand, political responsibility is bound up with public power. The range of public power is limited which determines the range of primary political responsibility is limited; on the other hand, the limited of ability for the subject to undertake political responsibility also demands that the range of the primary political responsibility is limited. Next, the degree of political responsibility is limited which is in accordance with the method of undertaking secondary political responsibility.

Part three: The realizing of political responsibility

The first, the principle of political responsibility’s realizing. The thesis holds that political responsibility is a method of controlling and binding power. If power were not restricted, the subject of political responsibility who exercises public power might have deviated from public interests and public will, and might not be imposed any sanctions, then, political responsibility will be fallen into empty talk. The process of power control is the dynamic process of political responsibility’s realization.

The second, the mechanism of political responsibility’s realizing. The mechanism of political responsibility’s realizing is the sum total of all kinds of realizing method of political responsibility, and it appears different structure from different point of view. The thesis divides the mechanism of political responsibility’s realizing into four gradations: self-investigating, party investigating, organ of power investigating, society investigating, and gives detailed exposition and evaluation by linking them with the existing situation of capitalist democracy.

Part four: the reflecting on political responsibility in china

The thesis analyses the problem from three aspects:

Firstly, the characteristic of political responsibility in china. Democratic politics requires realizing political responsibility. But, because the quality of democracy is different, the aim, the contents and the methods of political responsibility’s realizing are different too. China is socialist democratic state leaded by the CPC, the problem of political responsibility has its own characteristics. The investigation of political responsibility is mainly directed against leading cadres at different levels who make faulty policies or commit errors which affect the overall situation during they carry CPC’s general and specific. The central point of political responsibility is to control power, and the aim is to strengthen people’s democratic dictatorship leaded by CPC and to build socialist undertakings.

Secondly, reform political system: making the mechanism of political responsibility’s realizing perfect. The thesis holds that the subject of political responsibility provided for by law is clear in china, but in fact, it is quite vague because the party and the organ of state power make no distinction between the two Which result in that the responsibility is separated from the power. Parting the party from the organs of state power must be carried forward, ruling country by law should be put into practice and making clear the subject of political responsibility must be carried a step forward. At the same time, the thesis analyses in details the political responsibility’s investigation to delegates to the people’s congress, to members of government, and the existing situation of political responsibility’s investigation. The author is also trying to pose his own views on how to promote the investigating mechanism of political responsibility.

Thirdly, construct political culture: changing the appraising idea of political responsibility. The thesis points out that moral color of political responsibility must be weaken, the worship of power must be cleared up, the idea of political responsibility’s appraising must be changed, and the political culture beneficial to appraising, investigating the political responsibility should be created. The thought ruling country by law posed by the party in its fifteenth party congress has created favorable condition for these.